[28]​, La estación HYPO también determinó que la fecha del ataque sería cercana al 4 o el 5 de junio, y proporcionó a Nimitz el orden de batalla completo de la Armada Imperial Japonesa. Pre-war Japan was less mechanized than America and the highly trained aircraft mechanics, fitters, and technicians lost at Midway were all but impossible to replace and train to a similar level of efficiency. [1]​ La derrota japonesa supuso un serio obstáculo para sus planes de expansión por el resto del océano y fue un «punto de inflexión» en el conjunto del conflicto. A few TBDs managed to get within a few ship-lengths range of their targets before dropping their torpedoes—close enough to be able to strafe the enemy ships and force the Japanese carriers to make sharp evasive maneuvers—but all of their torpedoes either missed or failed to explode. As soon as Tambor returned to port, Spruance had Murphy relieved of duty and reassigned to a shore station, citing his confusing contact report, poor torpedo shooting during his attack run, and general lack of aggression, especially as compared to Nautilus, the oldest of the 12 boats at Midway and the only one which had successfully placed a torpedo on target (albeit a dud). Out of Obscurity", "What If Japan Had Won The Battle of Midway? His emphasis on dispersal also meant none of his formations were in a position to support the others. The Japanese operation, like the earlier attack on Pearl Harbor, sought to eliminate the United States as a strategic power in the Pacific, thereby giving Japan a free hand in establishing its Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. Los instructores del Cuerpo Aéreo de Yokosuka fueron empleados en un esfuerzo para compensar este déficit. The distance between Yamamoto and Kondo's forces and Nagumo's carriers had grave implications during the battle: the invaluable reconnaissance capability of the scout planes carried by the cruisers and carriers, as well as the additional antiaircraft capability of the cruisers and the other two battleships of the Kongō-class in the trailing forces, was unavailable to Nagumo. John Ford realizó un documental sobre la batalla en el año 1942 titulado The Battle of Midway. [22] The light carriers of the trailing forces and Yamamoto's three battleships were unable to keep pace with the carriers of the Kidō Butai[nb 1] and so could not have sailed in company with them. [37]​[60]​, En sus interceptaciones de radio, los japoneses notaron un aumento en la actividad de los submarinos estadounidenses y también en el tráfico de mensajes. [88], In the final analysis, it made no difference; Fletcher's carriers had launched their planes beginning at 07:00 (with Enterprise and Hornet having completed launching by 07:55, but Yorktown not until 09:08), so the aircraft that would deliver the crushing blow were already on their way. La misión de estos era acercarse y destruir cualquier elemento que pudiera defender Midway tras ser previamente debilitado desde los portaaviones. La Fuerza Aérea contribuyó con un escuadrón de diecisiete Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress y cuatro Martin B-26 Marauder equipados con torpedos. [32]​[33]​ Nimitz también convocó a la fuerza operativa del contraalmirante Frank Jack Fletcher, del área suroeste del Pacífico, que tenía al portaviones Yorktown. This led to a sharp decline in the quality of the aviators produced. It was accepted that the lack of coordination would diminish the impact of the American attacks and increase their casualties, but Spruance calculated that this was worthwhile, since keeping the Japanese under aerial attack impaired their ability to launch a counterstrike (Japanese tactics preferred fully constituted attacks), and he gambled that he would find Nagumo with his flight decks at their most vulnerable. Cronológicamente se libró un mes después de la batalla del Mar de Coral, cinco meses después de la conquista japonesa de la isla Wake y seis meses después del ataque a Pearl Harbor, que supuso el inicio del conflicto en el Pacífico entre japoneses y estadounidenses. They were taken to Midway and then transferred to Pearl Harbor on USS Sirius. Spring til navigation Spring til ... Verdenskrig, et forsøg på at koordinere oprettelsen af 2. verdenskrig-relaterede artikler på Wikipedia. Spruance, a former submarine commander, was "understandably furious" at the vagueness of Murphy's report, as it provided him with little more than suspicion and no concrete information on which to make his preparations. Por su parte, y pese a las grandes pérdidas, el almirante Yamamoto decidió inicialmente continuar con sus esfuerzos para ocupar Midway y envió sus navíos de batalla en busca de los portaaviones estadounidenses, al mismo tiempo que una flota de cruceros era desplegada para bombardear la isla. [79], Nagumo quickly reversed his order to re-arm the bombers with general-purpose bombs and demanded that the scout plane ascertain the composition of the American force. [38]​[39]​ La cubierta de vuelo se reparó y secciones enteras de la estructura interna se retiraron y remplazaron. Slaget om Midway var et søslag mellem den japanske og den amerikanske flåde ved Midwayøerne i Stillehavet under 2. verdenskrig. [191] By the time of the Battle of the Philippine Sea in June 1944, the Japanese had nearly rebuilt their carrier forces in terms of numbers, but their planes, many of which were obsolete, were largely flown by inexperienced and poorly trained pilots. [4]​[5]​[6]​[7]​ Tras una velada amenaza de dimisión, el almirante Yamamoto logró imponer su opinión y enseguida se puso en marcha su plan para expandir el poderío japonés a través del océano Pacífico central. In contrast, the extensive use of machinery in the United States meant that a much larger portion of the population had a mechanical/technical background. In it, one of the more striking revelations is the comment on the Mobile Force Commander's (Nagumo's) estimates: "The enemy is not aware of our plans (we were not discovered until early in the morning of the 5th at the earliest). As a result, Japanese naval air groups as a whole progressively deteriorated during the war while their American adversaries continued to improve. [93] Spruance ordered the striking aircraft to proceed to target immediately, rather than waste time waiting for the strike force to assemble, since neutralizing enemy carriers was the key to the survival of his own task force. They also note, however, that doing so would have violated Japanese carrier doctrine, which stressed that carriers and their air groups must train as a single unit. These inexperienced pilots were fed into front-line units, while the veterans who remained after Midway and the Solomons campaign were forced to share an increased workload as conditions grew more desperate, with few being given a chance to rest in rear areas or in the home islands. Had Japan won the battle as thoroughly as the U.S. did, it might have been able to conquer Midway Island. [71]​ Media hora después de iniciar este ataque, un avión de reconocimiento de largo alcance enviado tardíamente desde el crucero Tone informó de la presencia de una flota enemiga de tamaño considerable al este. For a variety of reasons, production of the "Val" had been drastically reduced, while that of the "Kate" had been stopped completely and, as a consequence, there were none available to replace losses. Angkatan Laut Amerika Serikat dengan telak meredam serangan Angkatan Laut Kekaisaran Jepang terhadap … [79]​ Det fandt sted seks måneder efter det japanske angreb på Pearl Harbor , der førte til krigstilstand mellem Japan og USA, og omkring en måned efter slaget ved Koralhavet . En las taquillas logró recaudar 43 220 000 dólares estadounidenses. ¡Compre ahora! [194][page needed][195][page needed]. The first plane took off from Spruance's carriers Enterprise and Hornet a few minutes after 07:00. Este sabía que los estadounidenses ya habían conseguido una gran victoria, pero no estaba seguro de las fuerzas que aún tenían los japoneses y estaba decidido a salvaguardar tanto Midway como el resto de sus portaaviones. These efforts continued and were expanded throughout the war in both the Pacific and Atlantic theaters. This report was passed on by English to Nimitz, who then sent it to Spruance. The four Japanese fleet carriers—Akagi, Kaga, Sōryū and Hiryū, part of the six-carrier force that had attacked Pearl Harbor six months earlier—were sunk, as was the heavy cruiser Mikuma. El ataque a Midway —al igual que el de Pearl Harbor— no era parte de un plan para conquistar los Estados Unidos, sino que su objetivo era eliminar las fuerzas navales estadounidense del Pacífico y evitar su intervención en la campaña japonesa en el este y sudeste asiático. [41], The main Japanese carrier-borne strike aircraft were the D3A1 "Val" dive bomber and the B5N2 "Kate", which was used either as a torpedo bomber or as a level bomber. This was a result of the attacks from Midway, as well as of the morning flight leader's recommendation of a second strike. Preso de la indecisión y luego de razonar estrictamente la doctrina de tácticas navales japonesas, Nagumo decidió seguir el manual de forma tranquila y resolvió esperar a que los aviones del primer asalto a la base regresaran a los portaaviones, para luego lanzar con el armamento apropiado la segunda flota aérea de ataque. St. Contributors. Late on 10 June a decision was made to leave the area and the American carriers eventually returned to Pearl Harbor. Without any form of air superiority, the Japanese never again launched a major offensive in the Pacific. There were few casualties aboard since most of the crew had already been evacuated, but a third torpedo from this salvo struck the destroyer USS Hammann, which had been providing auxiliary power to Yorktown. Akagi, having been struck by only one bomb, took longer to burn, but the resulting fires quickly expanded and soon proved impossible to extinguish; she too was eventually consumed by flames and had to be abandoned. [152] Clay Blair argued in 1975 that had Spruance pressed on, he would have been unable to launch his aircraft after nightfall, and his cruisers would have been overwhelmed by Yamamoto's powerful surface units, including Yamato. [93]​[94]​ La Armada Imperial Japonesa continuó luchando con ferocidad incluso frente a la supremacía naval de los Estados Unidos al final de la guerra. [21]​ Los portaaviones ligeros y tres acorazados de Yamamoto le pudieron seguir el ritmo a los portaaviones de la Kidō Butai y no pudieron acompañarle en la navegación. Parshall, Jonathan; Tully, Anthony (2005). The crew of the research vessel Petrel confirmed the discovery of another Japanese carrier, the Akagi, on 21 October 2019. [157], The Japanese public and much of the military command structure were kept in the dark about the extent of the defeat: Japanese news announced a great victory. [101]​ Los cruceros pesados Mikuma —700 muertos— y Mogami —92 muertos— sumaron 792 muertes más. [35]​ En el Astillero Naval de Pearl Harbor un equipo trabajó mediante turnos en el buque las 24 horas del día, y tras 72 horas de trabajo ya estaba reparado y listo para la batalla,[36]​[37]​ lo suficiente para las dos o tres semanas de operaciones que requería Nimitz. [49] These messages were, contrary to earlier historical accounts, also received by Nagumo before the battle began. This was the only successful air-launched torpedo attack by the U.S. during the entire battle. Floatplanes were lost from the cruisers Chikuma (3) and Tone (2). [148] The heavy cruisers Mikuma (sunk; 700 casualties) and Mogami (badly damaged; 92) accounted for another 792 deaths. Most significantly, American cryptographers were able to determine the date and location of the planned attack, enabling the forewarned U.S. Navy to prepare its own ambush. [94] Spruance judged that the need to throw something at the enemy as soon as possible was greater than the need to coordinate the attack by aircraft of different types and speeds (fighters, bombers, and torpedo bombers). In September 1999, a joint expedition between Nauticos Corp. and the U.S. Pertempuran Midway merupakan salah satu pertempuran laut yang paling penting di kancah Perang Pasifik semasa Perang Dunia II.Pertempuran ini berlaku dari 4 Jun hingga 7 Jun 1942, kira-kira sebulan selepas Pertempuran Laut Karang, hampir lima bulan selepas penaklukan Jepun terhadap Kepulauan Wake, dan enam bulan selepas serangan Empayar Jepun terhadap Pearl Harbor yang memulakan … Ford fue condecorado con un Corazón Púrpura y su trabajo fue ganador del Óscar al mejor documental largo en la 15.ª entrega de los premios de la Academia. [25]​ Desde principios de 1942, Estados Unidos había estado decodificando mensajes que indicaban que pronto se llevaría a cabo una operación militar en un objetivo llamado «AF». The destroyers Arashio and Asashio were also bombed and strafed during the last of these attacks. Sin embargo, hubo desacuerdos estratégicos entre el Ejército Imperial Japonés y la Armada Imperial Japonesa, y ciertas luchas internas entre el Cuartel General Imperial y la Flota Combinada del almirante Isoroku Yamamoto que impidieron concretar esta siguiente estrategia militar hasta abril de 1942. [50]​, Los principales aviones de ataque que transportaban los portaaviones eran el bombardero en picado Aichi D3A1 «Val» y el Nakajima B5N2 «Kate», que se utilizó como torpedero o bombardero de altura. The Japanese hoped another demoralizing defeat would force the U.S. to capitulate in the Pacific War and thus ensure Japanese dominance in the Pacific. Midway allowed this to occur before the first of the new Essex-class fleet carriers became available at the end of 1942. [170] The report filed by Nagumo tersely states that Ensign Osmus, "...died on 6 June and was buried at sea";[171] O'Flaherty and Gaido's fates were not mentioned in Nagumo's report. These included six Grumman Avengers, detached to Midway from Hornet's VT-8 (Midway was the combat debut of both VT-8 and the TBF); Marine Scout-Bombing Squadron 241 (VMSB-241), consisting of 11 SB2U-3s and 16 SBDs, plus four USAAF B-26s of the 18th Reconnaissance and 69th Bomb Squadrons armed with torpedoes, and 15 B-17s of the 31st, 72nd, and 431st Bomb Squadrons. Yamamoto, a bordo del Yamato, asumió que Nagumo había recibido la misma información desde Tokio y no se comunicó con él por radio para no revelar su posición. Air Group Commander C. Wade McClusky, Jr. decided to continue the search, and by good fortune spotted the wake of the Japanese destroyer Arashi, steaming at full speed to rejoin Nagumo's carriers after having unsuccessfully depth-charged U.S. submarine Nautilus, which had unsuccessfully attacked the battleship Kirishima. Some of the aircrew were inexperienced, which may have contributed to an accident in which Thach's executive officer Lieutenant Commander Donald Lovelace was killed. Richard Humble- La Flota de Altamar japonesa. This was one of the carriers from Task Force 16. The carriers had to launch into the wind, so the light southeasterly breeze would require them to steam away from the Japanese at high speed. Chūichi Nagumo's detailed battle report was submitted to the high command on 15 June. In an effort to change the course of the war, a United States carrier group is positioned off the coast of Midway, tasked with springing a trap on the enemy. Da una storia vera. By June 1942, the Japanese Navy has swept across the Pacific. Solo tres de ellos consiguieron volver a Midway. Beginning at 10:22, the two squadrons of Enterprise's air group split up with the intention of sending one squadron each to attack Kaga and Akagi. The IJA occupied these islands to place the Japanese home islands out of range of U.S. land-based bombers across Alaska, making Japan the first foreign nation to occupy U.S. soil since the War of 1812. De esta forma, Japón se convirtió en la primera nación extranjera en ocupar territorio estadounidense desde la guerra de 1812. Three hours later, they found Tanaka's transport group 570 nautical miles (660 miles; 1,060 kilometers) to the west. [77], At 07:15, Nagumo ordered his reserve planes to be re-armed with contact-fused general-purpose bombs for use against land targets. Este pequeño grupo de élite estaba conformado por veteranos preparados y endurecidos para los combates de la época. El ejército las ocupó para dejar a Japón fuera del alcance de los bombarderos desplegados en Alaska. Nyní koupit a zajistit si Cashback! Inmediatamente después de los ataques, los bombarderos en picado americanos dirigidos por Clarence Wade McClusky y Richard Best se aproximaron a gran altura, sin ser acosados por los cazas Zero que perseguían a los torpederos cercanos al mar, dos escuadrones de bombarderos que atacaron en picado desde el noreste y suroeste. [42] In addition, many of the aircraft being used during the June 1942 operations had been operational since late November 1941 and, although they were well-maintained, many were almost worn out and had become increasingly unreliable. The strike from Hornet, led by Commander Stanhope C. Ring, followed an incorrect heading of 265 degrees rather than the 240 degrees indicated by the contact report. [139] Unaware of the exact location of Yamamoto's "Main Body" (a persistent problem since the time PBYs had first sighted the Japanese), Spruance was forced to assume the "four large ships" reported by Tambor represented the main invasion force and so he moved to block it, while staying 100 nautical miles (190 km; 120 mi) northeast of Midway. The Japanese operations in the Aleutian Islands (Operation AL) removed yet more ships that could otherwise have augmented the force striking Midway. Parks, which included six F4Fs and 20 F2As,[64] intercepted the Japanese and suffered heavy losses, though they managed to destroy four B5Ns, as well as a single A6M. [23], What Yamamoto did not know was that the U.S. had broken parts of the main Japanese naval code (dubbed JN-25 by the Americans), divulging many details of his plan to the enemy. Check other buying options. [19]​, Yamamoto creía que era necesario un engaño para llevar a la flota estadounidense a una situación fatalmente arriesgada. Sinopsis: Para junio de 1942, la Armada japonesa había barrido el Pacífico. Some of our machineguns managed to fire a few frantic bursts at them, but it was too late. [102]​, Adicionalmente, los destructores Arashio y Asashio —35 y 21 muertos respectivamente— fueron dañados durante los ataques aéreos que hundieron el Mikuma y dañaron el Mogami. [43]​, Para el 4 de junio, la Armada había estacionado en Midway cuatro escuadrones de Consolidated PBY Catalina —31 aviones en total— para tareas de reconocimiento de largo alcance, y seis Grumman TBF Avenger nuevos del 8.º Escuadrón Torpedero del Hornet. Esto hizo que todos los portaaviones de la Kidō Butai llevasen menos aviones respecto a su capacidad total, con pocas aeronaves y piezas de repuesto almacenadas en los hangares. Despite the heavy losses, the Japanese believed that they could scrape together enough aircraft for one more strike against what they believed to be the only remaining American carrier. [58]​[59]​ Un segundo intento de reconocimiento, parte de la Operación K, iba a usar hidrocanoas Kawanishi H8K «Emily» para explorar Pearl Harbor antes de la batalla y detectar la presencia de los portaviones estadounidenses. [67][68] Among the dead was Major Lofton R. Henderson of VMSB-241, killed while leading his inexperienced Dauntless squadron into action. [89], The Americans had already launched their carrier aircraft against the Japanese. He completed his torpedo attack on the aircraft carrier Sōryū before he was shot down, but Sōryū evaded his torpedo. Rear Admiral Tamon Yamaguchi, together with the ship's captain, Tomeo Kaku, chose to go down with the ship, costing Japan perhaps its best carrier officer. La batalla de Midway (en japonés ミッドウェー海戦; rōmaji: «Middowē Kaisen») fue un combate aeronaval que se libró entre los días 4 y 7 de junio de 1942 en el teatro del Pacífico durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial. [30]​ Como resultado, los estadounidenses llegaron a la batalla con una imagen bastante clara de dónde, cuándo y con qué fuerza atacarían los japoneses. [125], Approximately one hour later, Hiryū's second attack wave, consisting of ten B5Ns and six escorting A6Ms, arrived over Yorktown; the repair efforts had been so effective that the Japanese pilots assumed that Yorktown must be a different, undamaged carrier. Los cálculos indicaban que habían muy pocas probabilidades de que todos los aviones de reserva (armados con bombas) pudiesen despegar antes de la llegada de los primeros. [161], As a result of the defeat, new procedures were adopted whereby more Japanese aircraft were refueled and re-armed on the flight deck, rather than in the hangars, and the practice of draining all unused fuel lines was adopted. During this pivotal battle, the two-man crew of a … Los japoneses generalmente se referían al D3A como «bombardero en picado embarcado Tipo 99», al B5N como «bombardero de ataque embarcado Tipo 97» y al A6M como «caza embarcado Tipo 0», por esa razón a este último también se le conoce conoce coloquialmente como «Zero». [48]​[49]​ No obstante, la Primera Fuerza de Ataque navegó con 248 aviones disponibles en los cuatro portaaviones —60 en el Akagi, 74 en el Kaga, 57 en el Hiryū y 57 en el Sōryū. [159] The remaining officers and men were quickly dispersed to other units of the fleet and, without being allowed to see family or friends, were shipped to units in the South Pacific, where the majority died in battle. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Dauntless - La Battaglia Di Midway (Blu-Ray+Dvd) - (Ital (UK IMPORT) BLU-RAY NEW at the best online prices at … Esta preocupación se acentuó después del 18 de abril de 1942, cuando la incursión Doolittle bombardeó algunas ciudades japonesas, entre ellas Tokio. This concern was acutely heightened by the Doolittle Raid on 18 April 1942, in which 16 United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) B-25 Mitchell bombers launched from USS Hornet bombed targets in Tokyo and several other Japanese cities. [24]​, Para obtener el apoyo del Ejército Imperial en la operación en Midway, la Armada Imperial decidió apoyar la invasión a los Estados Unidos a través de Attu y Kiska, dos islas del archipiélago de las Aleutianas en el Territorio de Alaska. Dead aboard the destroyers Tanikaze (11), Arashi (1), Kazagumo (1) and the fleet oiler Akebono Maru (10) made up the remaining 23 casualties. [27]​ A ninguno de los operadores japoneses que interceptaron el mensaje pareció preocuparle que los estadounidenses transmitieran información sin codificar sobre la escasez de agua en una instalación naval importante, cercana al área de amenazas japonesa, lo que pudo haber prevenido a los oficiales de inteligencia de que se trataba de un deliberado intento de engaño. Este requería la coordinación cuidadosa y oportuna de muchos grupos a cientos de kilómetros en mar abierto. This operation was also considered preparatory for further attacks against Fiji, Samoa, and Hawaii itself. En parte por la prisa de Yamamoto, un piquete de submarinos exploradores llegó tarde a su posición en French Frigate Shoals. [46], Japanese strategic scouting arrangements prior to the battle were also in disarray. Directed by Mike Phillips. Midway no era especialmente importante en el expansionismo territorial de Japón,[12]​[13]​ pero supuso que ante un ataque Estados Unidos defendería el atolón con mucha fuerza, así que una eventual victoria permitiría destruir parte importante de la flota enemiga. En ella, las fuerzas aeronavales estadounidenses detuvieron el intento japonés de invadir el atolón de Midway, donde los primeros tenían una base militar. [18] It required the careful and timely coordination of multiple battle groups over hundreds of miles of open sea. Las bajas a bordo de los cuatro portaaviones fueron: 267 en el Akagi, 811 en el Kaga, 392 en el Hiryū y 711 en el Sōryū, sumando un total de 2181 muertos. ADD TO WISHLIST. Luring the American aircraft carriers into a trap and occupying Midway was part of an overall "barrier" strategy to extend Japan's defensive perimeter, in response to the Doolittle air raid on Tokyo. Although their crews reported hitting four ships,[61] none of the bombs actually hit anything and no significant damage was inflicted. Pérdidas en hombres: 250 hombres aproximadamente. La flota japonesa no logró localizar a su enemigo en el mar. [23]​ Por ejemplo, a pesar de que se esperaba que los portaaviones de Nagumo soportaran la peor parte de los contraataques, los únicos buques de la flota que eran más grandes que los doce destructores que los encubrían eran dos acorazados rápidos de clase Kongō, dos cruceros pesados y un crucero ligero. As a result, Air Group Eight's dive bombers missed the Japanese carriers. First, they kept the Japanese carriers off balance and unable to prepare and launch their own counterstrike. Other sources claim a stern hit, but Parshall and Tully make a case for a near miss, because of rudder damage from a high explosive bomb. Amid the vast openness of the Pacific Ocean, two survivors of the Battle of Midway wait for rescue while the crew of the PBY Catalina venture into treacherous waters in search of … Pengebom A.S. Douglas SBD Dauntless di Midway Awan debu letusan Puyehue-Cordón Caulle. [57] This dispersal resulted in few fast ships being available to escort the Carrier Striking Force, reducing the number of anti-aircraft guns protecting the carriers.

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